Carbonated water

Carbonated water, also known as sparkling water, fizzy water, seltzer, water with gas, or soda water, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved, and is the major and defining component of carbonated soft drinks (itself a class of aerated beverages). The process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. While dissolved carbon dioxide in low concentrations (0.2 - 1.0%) cannot be tasted by humans, a small amount^[1] reacts with water to form carbonic acid (which has the chemical formula H₂CO₃). The higher concentration of carbonic acid in carbonated water gives the water a slightly sour flavour.

Carbonated water can be produced in the home by "charging" a refillable seltzer bottle by filling it with water and then adding carbon dioxide. 'Soda water' may be identical to plain carbonated water or it may contain a small amount of table salt, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium sulfate, or disodium phosphate, depending on the bottler. These additives are included to emulate the slightly salty taste of homemade soda water. The process can also occur naturally to produce carbonated mineral water, such as in Mihalkovo in the Bulgarian Rhodopes, or Medzitlija in Macedonia.

Contents 1 History 2 Health effects 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

History

In 1767 Englishman Joseph Priestley invented carbonated water when he first discovered a method of infusing water with carbon dioxide when he suspended a bowl of water above a beer vat at a local brewery in Leeds, England.^[2] The air blanketing the fermenting beer—called 'fixed air'—was known to kill mice suspended in it. Priestley found water thus treated had a pleasant taste and he offered it to friends as a cool, refreshing drink. In 1772 Priestley published a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed Air in which he describes dripping oil of vitriol (sulfuric acid) onto chalk to produce carbon dioxide gas, and encouraging the gas to dissolve into an agitated bowl of water.^[3]

In 1771 Swedish chemistry professor Torbern Bergman independently invented a similar process to make carbonated water. In poor health at the time yet frugal, he was trying to reproduce naturally-effervescent spring waters thought at the time to be beneficial to health.

In the late eighteenth century, J. J. Schweppe (1740–1821), a German-born naturalised Swiss watchmaker and amateur scientist developed a process to manufacture carbonated mineral water, based on the process discovered by Joseph Priestley, founding the Schweppes Company in Geneva in 1783. In 1792 he moved to London to develop the business there.

Ányos Jedlik (1800–1895), a Hungarian, invented consumable soda-water that continues to be a popular drink today. He also built an early carbonated water factory in Budapest, Hungary . After this invention, a Hungarian drink made of wine and soda water called "fröccs" (wine spritzers) was spread throughout several countries in Europe.

Since then, carbonated water is made by passing pressurized carbon dioxide through water. The pressure increases the solubility and allows more carbon dioxide to dissolve than would be possible under standard atmospheric pressure. When the bottle is opened, the pressure is released, allowing the gas to come out of the solution, thus forming the characteristic bubbles.

In the United States, carbonated water was commonly known by the name of soda water until World War II. During the Great Depression, it was also referred to as two cents plain, a reference to its place as the cheapest drink available at the soda fountain. In the 1950s new terms such as sparkling water and seltzer water began to be used. The term seltzer water is a genericized trademark that derives from the German town Selters, meaning "water from Selters."^[4] where naturally carbonated water has been commercially bottled and shipped into all parts of the world at least since the 18th century.^[5]

Flavored carbonated water is also commercially available. It differs from sodas in that it contains flavors (usually sour fruit flavors such as lemon, lime, cherry, orange, or raspberry) but no sweetener.

Health effects

Sparkling mineral water is a negligible cause of dental erosion; also known as acid erosion. While the dissolution potential of sparkling water is greater than still water, levels remain low: by comparison, carbonated soft drinks cause tooth decay at a rate of several hundred times that of regular sparkling water. De-gassing of a sparkling mineral water reduces its dissolution potential, but the total levels are still relatively low, suggesting that the addition of sugar into water, not its carbonation, is the main cause of tooth decay.^[6]

Intake of carbonated beverages has not been associated with increased bone fracture risk in observational studies, and the net effect of carbonated beverage constituents on the amount of calcium in the body is negligible, leaving carbonated water as harmless as regular water.^[6]

Recent advertisements by the State of New York encourage citizens to drink water, seltzer and milk instead of sugary beverages.^[7]

See also

• Soda water
• Carbonated beverage

References

External links

• The Priestley Society
• Priestley's paper Impregnating Water with Fixed Air 1772
• Filling machines for Carbonated water
• Interview with one of New York City's last seltzer delivery men